Homeland Security Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Country Security Organization - Essay Example Papers have regularly detailed that dealing with the impacts of assaults by weapons of devastation requests the administration of military, government assistance associations and neighborhood offices. At present the country faces serious assaults that might be so decimating, sudden and complex. Existing arrangement of unique country security in USA has certain constraints. Crisis military tasks, restoration and therapeutic guides are impractical in current arrangement of unique home security association. Conditions require facilitated or increasingly incorporated types of country security association in the United States. These kinds of incorporated country security association advance compelling anticipation techniques, appropriate reaction, and recovery projects to fear based oppressor assaults and other characteristic catastrophes. Fear monger assaults and different normal catastrophes, for example, tempest, seismic tremor and pandemic ailments influence an enormous region and avoidance techniques and recovery exercises should lead in better places in an equivalent time. Laegreid and Serigstad (2004) plainly comment that â€Å"changes, execution and Improvement is receptive in character, which, thusly, causes significant dissemination of duty between services, organizations and other open and private bodies† (p. 8). Aggregate obligation of different offices is fundamental for the progressive usage of country security association and appropriate coordination ought to be guar anteed for the smooth working of different offices. Composed country security program guarantee the powerful association of the legislature in to the exercises of different offices. Laegreid, P and Serigstad, S. (November 2004). Arranging for Homeland Security: The Case of Norway. Stein Rokkan Center for Social Studies. Recovered 17 Jul. 10, from:

THINGS FALL APART Essay examples -- essays research papers

Synopsis and Analysis of: Things Fall Apart      There are numerous exercises that we learn throughout everyday life. Chinua Achebe?s Things Fall Apart shows one of life?s most noteworthy exercise. Valid, enduring satisfaction matters in excess of ones social status or ones position of riches. Okonkwo, who is the principle character in this book, is attempting his best to be the man that is father was most certainly not. His dad was a notable bum and a man who owed a great deal of obligations. Okonkwo felt that men are consistently assume to be solid, pioneers, and do what individuals see are run of the mill male errands. Be that as it may, his dad, Unoka, didn't accommodate his portrayal of what he felt a genuine man ought to be. He was embarrassed about his dad.      Okonkwo had a fixation. His fixation was his pride. Furthermore, this prompted him losing his head and everything that worked so needed to acquire. Perhaps the biggest dread that were depicted in this book was that of indicating any kind of feelings, friendship, or distress. He felt that indicating them would make him look frail. It is alright to communicate. That is a piece of being human. To ensure his own picture Okonkwo would do anything. He started to scan for riches and status by approaching different residents who were affluent for help. He was lent seed sweet potatoes. This was only enough for him to start a profitable harvest. He needed to begin at the base and stir his way up to the top. He had the option to do only that. He increased an extremely high remaining in the Ibo clan. What's more, his definitive objective was to turn into an elde...

What Is Gothic Fiction (With 14 Book Recommendations!)

What Is Gothic Fiction (With 14 Book Recommendations!) Gothic fiction merges deep passions with chill dread. A Gothic story might include grand and decaying architecture, like medieval castles, English manors, or Southern mansions; grim weather, like freezing rain or oppressive heat; ghosts; darkness, with or without candles; mental illness; dungeons, basements, secret passageways, and labyrinths; eroticism; sick or sickly women; passionate and sometimes villainous men; blood; gloomy forests; and of course, the aforementioned sublime emotions and eerie atmosphere. What is gothic fiction? Gothic fiction has its beginnings in Britain during the latter half of the 18th century. The earlier half had been dominated by essays, treatises, dramas, satires, and realistic fiction that was informed by Enlightenment ideals of reason and progress. Writers and readers of Gothic fiction reveled in what was more mysterious and less pragmatic: the supernatural, the strange, and surging feelings of all kinds. Though gothic fiction has waxed and waned in popularity over two hundred and fifty years, there are jewels from nearly every decade since the first. Notable sub-genres include Southern Gothic, which features the Southern United States, and Postcolonial Gothic, which features landscapes emerging and recovering from a violent colonial past. The best Gothic fiction books Here are fourteen excellent works of Gothic fiction that span two and a half centuries: The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole (1764) This is widely considered to be the first Gothic novel. In it, tender Isabella escapes imprisonment by the evil prince Manfred with the aid of a virtuous and mysterious peasant. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818) In this frightening and thoughtful novel, a brilliant and misguided scientist uses the secret of reanimating dead matter to build a singular creature. Mary Shelley created the science fiction genre and wrote a classic of the Gothic genre in one decisive stroke. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte (1847) Most of the Brontes’ works are Gothic, but this one is perhaps the most dramatic. Over two generations on a small stretch of the Yorkshire moors, acrimony, revenge, hope, disappointment, and devotion clash to spectacular results. Fledgling by Octavia E.  Butler (2005) An amnesiac vampire has to find out who she is and who is out to destroy her. We Have Always Lived in the Castle by Shirley Jackson (1962) After a gruesome tragedy that killed four family members, the remaining threeâ€"Merricat, Constance, and Uncle Julianâ€"live in isolation. That is, until cousin Charles appears. Beloved by Toni Morrison (1987) This powerful novel follows Sethe, an escaped slave, who lives with her daughter, mother-in-law, and a strange and compelling young woman named Beloved in Ohio just after the end of the Civil War. The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe (1794) This quintessential Gothic romance, later parodied by Jane Austen in Northanger Abbey, follows heroine Emily St. Aubert as she faces otherworldly terrors and an evil villain in a crumbling castle. Sing, Unburied, Sing by Jesmyn Ward (2017) Three generations of a familyâ€"and a ghostâ€"sustain hope and struggle in rural Mississippi. Rebecca by Daphne du Maurier (1938) A young woman marries a handsome widower and finds herself in the imposing shadow of his deceased first wife. White is for Witching by Helen Oyeyemi (2014) In a grand, mysterious, and isolated English house, Miranda Silver keenly feels the pull of the generations that preceded herâ€"which comes to a head after her mother’s sudden death. The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende (1982) Love and magic suffuse this story of four generations in postcolonial Chile. Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen (1817) Catherine Morland has read a few too many Gothic novelsâ€"and it is clouding her judgment. The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde (1891) A young man lives as a libertine without compromising his breathtaking beautyâ€"all the marks of sin fall on his portrait. As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner (1930) Through the point of view of fifteen characters, Faulkner tells the story of Addie Bundren and her wish to be buried in her hometownâ€"Jefferson, Mississippi.

Illegal Immigration and its Concerns - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 979 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Illegal Immigration Essay Did you like this example? Nowadays this is a situation that has become very common in several countries with High Human Development Index: Illegal Immigration. It refers to ‘the migration of people into a country in ways that violate the immigration laws of that country, or the remaining in a country of people who no longer have the legal right to remain (Wikipedia). Over many years to this date many are the constraints that countries such as England, France, the United States, Germany, Canada, and others, are facing because of this problem. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Illegal Immigration and its Concerns" essay for you Create order Due to their economic situation, high level of technological advancement, high social indicators, quality of life, among other premises, these countries have faced problems with Illegal Immigrants. Due to the large gap between these countries and those countries that find themselves in a very poor socioeconomic-political situation, this movement has increased exponentially and has generated strong waves of demonstration by organizations for and against illegal immigrants. Immigration has started in the USA over four hundred years ago. History says that the first immigrants to arrive to USA were the Europeans. They start with the Industrial Revolution that gave rise to manufacturing economy, which made America become the leading power in the world. As we all know, illegal immigration is a big issue of Law Violation in the first world countries. According to Jack Martin (Special Projects Director, Federation for American Immigration Reform – FAIR) on his statement ‘Illegal Immigration and its effects on society and the economy’ he says that â€Å"The total fiscal burden from illegal immigration borne by the state’s taxpayers is considerably higher than those †¦. If the full costs of administration of justice, e.g., such costs as policing, processing, trials, interpreters, medical expenses and other incarceration costs beyond salaries of the incarceration staff were included, those estimated costs would greatly expand.â⠂¬  He also tells us that the costs borne by the state on the expenses with illegal immigrants, and with medical emergencies and incarceration the estimated cost was $ 285 million dollars per year in 2006, and estimates the rise in cost to $ 812 million dollars per year until 2020. Although there are many Immigrants crossing the border between Mexico and the United States legally, there are also many immigrants who illegally crossed the border between these two countries in a way that tries to obtain work with better wages than they do in Mexico. The United States Congress in a way to address illegal immigrants has passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), including some measures to stop this wave of illegal immigration, such as sanctions against companies that hire illegal immigrants to work, has strengthened policing at its borders in order to prevent the influx of illegal immigrants. Years later there was an increase in illegal anti-immigration measures, and with this reinforcement of laws against illegal immigrants, it increased the number of illegal immigrants in the country, to the point of spreading throughout the territory, not being in the states that had previously lived more illegal immigrants, such as New York, New Jersey, Florida, Texas, Illinois, and California. Although illegal immigrants are a good part of the labor force receiving ‘under the table’ and giving substantial gains to companies employing undocumented immigrants, and there is no undocumented workers contributing to programs like Medicare or even Medicaid, with this procedure the state fails to raise millions in taxes causing a hole in the state accounts due to spending billions on illegal immigrants aid programs and support. Due to the number of visitors entering the United States who do not return to their countries of origin preferring to stay in the country illegally, many embassies in these countries have been making it difficult to assign visas to visit, reducing visas attributed annually. This process has an inversely proportional relation to the attribution of entry visas, reducing the number of visas attributed as citizens from those countries that do not return are increasing. According to FAIR between 17,000 and 19,000 foreigners are trafficked to the United States every year. These people are deceived with false promises of employment and of a better life. Victims of trafficking are exploited for purposes of commercial sex, including prostitution, stripping, pornography live-sex shows and other acts. However, trafficking also takes place in labor exploitation, including domestic servitude, sweatshop factories, agricultural work and more. â€Å"- FAIR Although the United States faces serious problems with illegal immigration, Europe is also facing many problems with this new wave of illegal immigrants moving from several poor countries in Africa. Thousands of illegal immigrants have died trying to reach Europe by land or by sea. And even by sea that in recent years has been the biggest humanitarian disaster, with records of several shipwrecks of small vessels that transport them in inhuman conditions illegal immigrants, who along the journey end up running out of water and food, many dying in the boats, which are then thrown into the sea. This situation has awakened a huge humanitarian crisis along European borders, with some European countries arranging quotas for illegal immigrants to accommodate them. But not everyone is having this luck, and many end up suffering in refugee camps where they are placed. This movement poses a certain danger to a socially, economically and politically organized society and can increase the risks of increased drug trafficking, clandestine work, prostitution and even trafficking in human beings, and increasing the deportation of illegal immigrants to their home countries. source. Undocumented immigrants are still entitled to medical care, immunizations, humanitarian aid and basic education. Much has been done to combat illegal immigration in the United States, from strengthening borders, creating stricter anti-immigration laws. Even with all this concern in dealing with Illegal Immigration, there is still a great influx of Illegal Immigrants seeking the desired American Dream. The fight against Illegal Immigration will be a constant struggle and it does not prove to have an end in sight.

The Discoveries Of Ancient Egypt Essay - 1045 Words

Ancient Egypt is a land full of mystery and wonder, from the Great Pyramid of Giza to the mummies, it has always been a fascinating place for anthropologists and archaeologists alike. The pyramids are so fantastic that people still have trouble believing that mankind could have constructed it, and people come from all over the world to gaze upon it in utter shock. The mummies have also always been a hot topic for tourists since it is such an unusual burial technique. Archeologists have studied these sites for hundreds of years, always finding new pieces, such as their fascinating burial rituals and the process of marriage among the royals, to help solve the puzzle that is Ancient Egypt. Archaeology is the study of human history through the excavation of sites and analyzing physical remains, and bioarchaeology is the study of the human remains found at these sites. Bioarchaeology is beneficial to understanding why certain patterns emerge in some cultures. Some of the interests o f bioarchaeologists include; health, disease, migration, trauma, biological relatedness, ancestry, and stature. The list could go on and on but in terms of Ancient Egypt, there are people called Egyptian Bioarchaeologists who dedicate their lives to this culture. In a recent study on ancient Egypt, researchers have found evidence of sibling marriages between the pharaohs. According to the study, the male royals are taller than the normal male population, and the female royals are shorter thanShow MoreRelatedEgyptian Contributions And Greek Culture1678 Words   |  7 Pagescivilization is the basis of philosophy, science, and medicine that is often times solely credited to the Greeks. PURPOSE STATEMENT After thorough research and analysis the Nile Valley Contributions to Greek civilization are evident. THE BEGINNINGS Ancient Greece is regarded as the beginnings of advanced sciences and philosophies and the fundamentals of the western world. For years, Greek culture has been taught in schools and held in a high esteem. Egyptian sciences, while necessary, are not deemedRead MoreThe Curse on King Tutankhamen827 Words   |  3 Pagesuncovered after the discovery of King Tutankhamen’s in March of 1923. A novelist whose name is Mari Corelli published an article about the tomb. In this article, she expressed the danger of uncovering tomb. She warned the explorers to use extra caution while entering the tomb. She also said there would be deadly consequences following the discovery. After the tomb was uncovered, signs of the curse began to reveal themselves. Howard Carter, the main explorer during the discovery, had a pet canaryRead MoreDiscovery Of Raised Bread in Egypt Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe piece of art that I will be discussing about is how the Ancient Egyptians first discov ered the art of making modern bread, over 4000 years ago during the Neolithic era? The Ancient Egyptian lives simply depended on agricultures; however, the majority of the people were involved in farming. Moreover, when the Ancient Egyptians discovered raised bread, the Egyptians understood the value of having leavened bread part of their lives. Bread was part of a daily diet in their lives, it was essentialRead MoreThe Rosetta Stone By Thomas Halloran1575 Words   |  7 Pagescentury. The Rosetta Stone was the key to translating the Hieroglyphs of Ancient Egypt which allowed Scholars to understand much more about the culture and society of the period. The Discovery of the Rosetta Stone allowed scholars to translate Hieroglyphs in Pyramids and tombs. This allowed them to go back in time and learn about what was going on in Ancient Egypt. Religion was an essential part of everyday in Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians thought of themselves to be working with the gods. TheyRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Era1303 Words   |  6 PagesEgypt is a country in North Africa and is among the oldest civilisations on Earth, thriving as an independent nation from 8,000 BCE to 525 BCE. Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilisation in the Mediterranean world, being the most culturally advanced nation in every area of human knowledge. From science to technology to the arts and religion – the ancient Egyptian era was the most influential era, especially to the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Egypt’s majesty has long astounded archaeologists, particularlyRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Era1123 Words   |  5 PagesAn cient Egypt was a civilisation in North-eastern Africa. It is among the oldest civilisations on Earth, thriving as an independent nation from 8,000 BCE to 525 BCE. Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilisation in the Mediterranean world, being the most culturally advanced nation in every area of human knowledge. From technology to religion– the ancient Egyptian era was the most influential era, especially to the Ancient Greeks. Egypt’s majesty has long astounded archaeologists, particularly thatRead MoreEssay about Hatshepsut: Fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt1357 Words   |  6 Pagesfor being the next Pharaoh. In the meantime, Egypt needed a Pharaoh. Since she was the remaining daughter of the war general and King Thutmosis I, she made a smart political move and made herself King. Hatshepsut figured it was she who qualified to be Pharaoh, make Thutmosis III her co-regent, and maintain peace. Furthermore, she wanted to avoid a potential power strug gle for the throne. Foreign powers such as the Hyksos were longing to retake Egypt as they had in the Seventeenth Dynasty. A child-kingRead MoreTask 1790 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies there have been many different environmental and geographical factors that have shaped the development of the United States. Two of these factors that I feel are extremely significant to this development are the Irish Potato Famine and the discovery of gold in California. The Irish Potato Famine began in Ireland in September 1845. The famine was caused by an airborne fungus, phytophthora infetans, which attacks the leaves of the plant, turning them black, causing them to curl and rot, ultimatelyRead MoreDesign And Innovation : The Sphinx Of Taharqo1171 Words   |  5 Pagesiconic discoveries over the centuries (Caleca, 1979). With a collection of almost 8 million artifacts and historical objects, it s hard to choose one. Each object has its own value in the museum and reflects the ancient times (Ca leca, 1979). In this paper, we will be discussing the artifact called The Sphinx of Tharaqo† that is preserved in the British Museum. HISTORY OF THE OBJECT: Sphinxes are generally considered as Egyptian icons. The most famous sphinx could be seen in Giza, Egypt. 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Iron Crowned Chapter 16 Free Essays

string(71) " nervous note in his voice, mirrored by the others’ expressions\." Kiyo asked no questions when I called Enrique back and told him I’d be out of town and out of contact for a while – but that I trusted him to carry on. Really, Kiyo said little at all as we hurried back to my house. Within minutes, I had a small satchel packed, and then we were off to the Otherworldly crossing. We will write a custom essay sample on Iron Crowned Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now No matter what ups and downs had occurred in our relationship, he knew me well. He knew I had to act on this immediately. The questions began once I reached my castle. â€Å"How the hell,† I began, â€Å"did this happen?† I was in one of the receiving rooms, Kiyo by my side as I stared down Shaya and some of the soldiers who manned the grounds. Rurik was with them, which gave me mixed feelings. I was glad he was back from Dorian’s. I trusted him more than any other military guy around here. That being said, there was a petty part of me that held him responsible. How could someone as capable as him have let this happen? He grimaced, as though guessing my thoughts. â€Å"A small group sneaked onto our grounds, overpowered her guards †¦ and took her.† He hesitated. â€Å"She only had two with her, Your Majesty. As you’ll recall, her escort was lightened. Still. There is no excuse.† I hadn’t witnessed this kind of diplomacy and respect from Rurik since †¦ well, actually, I’d never really witnessed it. With Dorian? Yes. Not with me. Jasmine’s abduction had really gotten to Rurik, no question. I was pretty sure he was taking it personally. But I’d also caught the slight meaning in his carefully worded comment about her lightened guard. That had been my call. I had done it in response to her good behavior and had let her outside more. I’d known it was a potential security risk – but not one that involved her leaving against her will. â€Å"We’re at war,† I said. â€Å"Regardless of her guard, this whole place should have been under lock-down.† He nodded, face growing grimmer. â€Å"As I said, there’s no excuse. I take full responsibility.† I waved a hand dismissively. â€Å"It’s too late now. I know you’re doing your job. Don’t lay yourself out for the slaughter. Volusian said there was a note?† Shaya handed me a piece of rolled parchment. Kiyo leaned over my shoulder as I read it silently to myself: To Eugenie, Usurper Queen of the Thorn Land, Daughter of Tirigan Stormi, King: As you no doubt know by now, I have your sister within my custody. If you wish her returned to you alive, you and the Oak King will surrender unconditionally to me. You will cease hostilities immediately, withdraw your armies, and cede your lands. Additionally, you will turn over the alleged Iron Crown to me. If you do not comply with these terms, your sister will be executed at noon, three days from the receipt of this letter. For now, she is alive, and I have given her into the keeping of my nephew Cassius. I await your response. Sincerely, Katrice, Queen of the Rowan Land, Beloved of the Gods I looked up at the many watching eyes. â€Å"‘Given her into the keeping of my nephew Cassius.’ Does that mean what I think it does?† Shaya grimaced. â€Å"That is the nephew she wanted you to marry.† â€Å"Why execute Jasmine then?† I demanded. â€Å"Why not marry her off to Cassius? Isn’t that a waste of one of Storm King’s daughters?† â€Å"Katrice hates you,† said Kiyo softly. â€Å"At this point, she probably doesn’t even care about the prophecy. She wants to get back at you, hurt you, and if that means killing Jasmine, then it’s probably an acceptable loss – especially if she tries to then give you to Cassius after this ‘surrender.'† â€Å"So I’d get to live?† Kiyo shrugged. â€Å"Longer suffering.† â€Å"Why choose her as a hostage though?† I didn’t know why I was arguing the logic here. None of it mattered. Only the outcome did. â€Å"Everyone knows we don’t get along.† â€Å"Everyone also probably knows that’s been changing a little,† said Kiyo. â€Å"You brought her to Dorian’s.† â€Å"And,† added Shaya, â€Å"a royal family member usually makes the best hostage in these situations.† These situations. For a moment, I nearly swayed on my feet, wanting to close my eyes and pass out. It had nothing to do with the heat. It was this. All of this. This situation always repeating itself. Me and Jasmine, cursed by our blood, always to be used and captured as possessions in a greater game. I’d hated Aeson, but at least he’d lured Jasmine into some pretense of love before taking advantage of her. But what about this Cassius? He’d make no attempts at kindness. This was all about punishment and revenge, after all. Had he already raped Jasmine? Was he doing it now? A sickening memory of Leith came to mind, one sharp and clear in spite of the drugged state I’d been in during my ordeal with him. Moments later, it was replaced by an image of this faceless Cassius lowering himself over a cowering Jasmine†¦. I pushed my weakness aside, steadying myself and bringing the world back into focus. I turned to Rurik. â€Å"How far are our armies spread out? How soon could we get them together and march on her? I want to raze that bitch’s lands and burn her castle to the ground! I want to have the fucking wrath of heaven rain down on her and – â€Å" I cut myself off, as startled at my words as the others were. Where had that rage come from? Well, the situation, obviously. I wouldn’t want anyone thrown to Katrice’s nephew before facing execution. But it occurred to me in that moment that my reaction was also †¦ personal. Somewhere, in the ups and downs of our dysfunctional family, I’d come to care about Jasmine. My anger came from the loss of her. â€Å"Easy, Eug,† said Kiyo, resting a hand on my arm. There was a nervous note in his voice, mirrored by the others’ expressions. You read "Iron Crowned Chapter 16" in category "Essay examples" I’d once been told that when I was angry, I resembled my father. I took a deep breath and pushed back any further outbursts. â€Å"Leading a massive army in – while deserved – wouldn’t be †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Rurik was still treading lightly, still choosing words carefully. â€Å"Well, Katrice was already in wartime mode, heavily guarded. After this? The lands outside her home probably have triple the guard they did before.† â€Å"But if our force was large enough †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I began. Rurik nodded. â€Å"True. It’s possible. Especially if †¦ especially if my lord Dorian’s armies were involved.† He looked uneasy at mentioning Dorian, but I could see a considering look on Rurik’s face. I had a feeling we shared the same puzzle. Would Dorian lend forces to help me? Possibly not, not if his anger overrode any devotion to me. On the other hand, Dorian was still in this war, and I knew him well enough to think he might welcome a full-out march on her castle. Rurik knew that too. â€Å"With his forces, it’s possible,† Rurik said at last. â€Å"But Katrice’s would be defending. It would be bloody. It would be ugly.† He didn’t sound opposed to that, per se. He was a military man; ugly battles were the way of the world. But we all knew that wasn’t ideal. My mind spun. Part of me wanted that large force to beat on Katrice because I thought she deserved it. This was about more than revenge, however. It was about Jasmine. I needed to go with the plan most likely to get her back, and an invading army wasn’t it. It would take a smaller group, just as she’d no doubt sent here, one that could slip in. We were heavily guarded, but with the assorted petitioners and refugees always coming and going, it was no wonder Jasmine’s kidnappers had slipped in. Katrice undoubtedly had a similar stream of people coming to her in these times, but she’d probably be on high alert with them too. â€Å"Imanuelle,† I said, realizing too many moments of silence had passed. â€Å"Can you get me Imanuelle?† It was this, finally, that took the group’s eyes off me – because they all exchanged astonished looks. Kiyo’s face grew troubled. â€Å"That’s your plan?† Kiyo asked. â€Å"Assassinate Katrice? Eugenie, you’re better than that.† He’d apparently heard of Imanuelle. â€Å"I am,† I agreed. â€Å"And smarter. Get her for me.† That was to Shaya, who nodded and then shot a look at a hovering servant. He gave a hasty bob of his head and darted out of the room. â€Å"Ready to repeat history?† I asked Kiyo. â€Å"It’ll be like raiding Aeson’s all over again.† â€Å"You’re going †¦ No. Eugenie, you can’t go there.† I gestured to Rurik and began moving for the exit. â€Å"You heard him. We can’t get in with a large force – not easily.† â€Å"Yes, I get that,† said Kiyo, following after me. â€Å"But you can’t go.† â€Å"I have to go,† I countered. Rurik had hurried along after us. â€Å"He’s right. Send someone else. I’ll go. We’ll sneak in and take her.† I came to an abrupt halt, nearly causing both men to run into me. â€Å"I’m going. This is my responsibility. Besides, who else around here can match me magically?† I peered back and forth between their faces, daring them to challenge me. â€Å"Even so,† said Rurik, â€Å"if you’re discovered, you’ll be outnumbered. And you’re an enemy queen. In wartime. Walking right into your enemy’s stronghold. I can’t allow this.† â€Å"It’s not your place to allow me to do anything!† I snapped. â€Å"Or you either.† I turned to Kiyo for that, guessing his words. â€Å"We won’t be discovered. Not if Imanuelle’s as good as she claims.† I was so tired of men telling me what I could and couldn’t do. I left them and stalked off down the hallway toward my bedroom. Neither followed me right away, but I just barely heard Rurik mutter to Kiyo, â€Å"Well, if she’s caught, she will get a massive army descending on Katrice, at least. My lord Dorian wouldn’t permit anything less.† The flaw in my plan, as it turned out, was waiting on Imanuelle. After our last meeting, she’d left my kingdom, and finding her wasn’t easy. You couldn’t just openly summon a famed assassin. Girard was at my court, however, and apparently had secret ways of sending messages to his sister. I didn’t ask any questions about his means, so long as she showed up. Waiting for her gave us time to plan strategy. Once my advisors grudgingly accepted that I’d be going personally – and once Rurik accepted that he would not be accompanying me – they fell in line to pool their knowledge about Katrice’s castle. I’d joked earlier to Kiyo about this being like our break-in to Aeson’s †¦ but really, it was true. This time, we had no guide personally to take us in. We had to rely on anecdotal knowledge from those who had been there and could make best guesses at where Jasmine might be held. And that was presuming Katrice was actually keeping her on-hand. Perhaps the most surprising part of all of this was Kiyo’s acquiescence. I’d expected protests about my safety or perhaps a diplomatic solution. But, no. He realized the importance of saving Jasmine. And he too knew this was probably our best shot – at least on such short notice. â€Å"You should know,† Rurik told us later, â€Å"that you aren’t going to be able to bring Volusian.† He, Kiyo, Shaya, and I were in my bedroom, which I’d made my makeshift war headquarters. â€Å"Why not?† I asked. That was a surprise. I’d been counting on his muscle, something I had to admit I’d missed while fighting for the crown. What was the point of an undead minion if I couldn’t put him to good use? â€Å"He can go in with us invisibly.† Rurik shook his head. â€Å"Everyone knows about him. Katrice does. She’ll have people on-hand who can sense him. She’ll also probably have those with the power to banish him. Enough of them united together could.† â€Å"You have a lot of faith in her,† I noted dryly. Volusian was hard to banish – I couldn’t do it – but Rurik had a point. Get enough magic-users together, and they could eventually pull it off. He gave me a twisted smile. â€Å"She’s not stupid. And she has advisors. Not as good as yours, of course, but they would have thought everything over before kidnapping Jasmine.† A knock on the door interrupted any response I might have made, and after I called entry, a servant showed Imanuelle in. â€Å"Finally,† I said. She swept in, clad in billowing red silk pants and a matching, midriff-showing top. The assassin arched an eyebrow and gave me an amused look as she put her hands on her hips. â€Å"I don’t wait around on your every command, Thorn Queen. And last time we spoke, you made it pretty clear, you didn’t want me around. Have you finally come to your senses? From what I hear, now’s a pretty good time to get rid of Katrice.† Imanuelle paused carefully. â€Å"Although, getting rid of her before now would have been even better. Would have saved you and your sister a lot of trouble.† I bit off any snide remarks. â€Å"We can’t have Katrice killed. I’m pretty sure the instant her people found her dead, Jasmine would be next. I need you to sneak in and get Jasmine out of there.† Imanuelle’s cocky smile dropped. â€Å"That’s not what I do. I kill. I don’t rescue.† â€Å"I’ll do the rescuing. You need to get me and Kiyo in. Disguise us with this so-called power you keep bragging about. Or is masking more than one person out of your skill-set?† â€Å"I can do it,† she said, narrowing her eyes. â€Å"But it’ll cost you.† â€Å"We can afford it,† I said, trying to ignore the pained look crossing Shaya’s face as she no doubt added up mental ledgers. Imanuelle said nothing for several moments as she pondered it all. â€Å"Just you two?† â€Å"Yes. And you, of course,† I added. â€Å"Do you have any idea where you’re going in there?† she asked. Kiyo and I exchanged looks. â€Å"Kind of,† I said. â€Å"Kind of.† Imanuelle snorted. â€Å"Fine. I’ll do it. But I’m only there to disguise you. I’m not fighting if you get caught.† â€Å"You don’t have to,† I assured her. â€Å"We’ll protect you.† This brought another scoff and a haughty curl of her lip. â€Å"If they detect us, I can get myself out of there, believe me. You’ll be on your own.† How to cite Iron Crowned Chapter 16, Essay examples

Global Environment And Management - Ford and Taylorism

Question: Would workers in Australia, America or Europe accept the Taylorism in this form today? Consider the design of scripts for use in Call Centres, can you see Taylorism in that? Explain? Answer: Week 1 Introduction This section focuses on the implementation of Taylorism and Fayolism in the various organisations across the globe. The various advantages of these management theories are also mentioned in this section. The theory of Fayolism focuses on the management of the workplace on the basis of equality of the workers and motivation of the workers by a number of other factors along with money Activity 1 There are a number of key ideas that I have extracted from the activity, which are mentioned below. Scientific efficiency management based on the time taken for the tasks, which aims at improved economic efficiency. Dividing the large tasks into smaller task, which are easier to be completed. Assembly line production for the manufacturing process. Increase in the wages provided to the employees of the organisation by decreasing the time of production (Pearson, 1945). Managing the workforce directly by eliminating the presence of trade unions in the workplace, this in turn leads to better control and management. I dont think that he workers in Australia, America or Europe will accept Taylorism in this form today, as this method of scientific management defines the employees with less efficiency to be stupid even if it praises the workers with good efficiency in the workplace. The concept of Taylorism is insulting to the workers based on the presumed low level of knowledge of the workers by the management. The scripts used in a number of call centres in present involve a number of predetermined responses to the conversations with the customers. Yes, I see Taylorism in the activity of providing the call centre workers with the scripts of the responses (Zardet, 1945). It suggests that the workers are not capable of determining the effective response to the queries of the customers. Some parts of the ideas are also being utilised in a number of organisations in the current societies, such as Ford, Mercedes and Audi, which implement the concept of the assembly lines along with the scientific mana gement of the employees by decreasing the size of the individual tasks. Activity 2 Fayolism is another method or theory of management which focuses on a number of key ideas mentioned below and was developed by Henri Fayol. Control on the workers to allow the organisation to have better productivity and efficiency. Teaching the employees of the organisations regarding the various management methods and styles. I believe that some of the ideas expressed in the management theory of Fayolism allow a number of organisations around the world in the current industries to have better management in the workplace. The theory of Fayolism focuses on the management of the workplace on the basis of equality of the workers and motivation of the workers by a number of other factors along with money (Brunsson, 2008). This allows the organisations in the current industries to have better management of the workforce and the various human resources available to the organisation. This theory of management still allows the human resources departments of a number of organisations to determine the various qualities which should be possessed by the applicant to become a manager. Some of these qualities suggested by the Fayolism theory of management are physical, mental, educational, technical and moral. This theory of management also allows the entire business model of a current organisation to be divided into a number of task groups, such as financial, managerial, technical, commercial, accounting and security (Oliveira, 2012). Conclusion The blog included the examples of a number of organisations implementing the management theories named Taylorism and Fayolism along with the various implications of the theories. We concluded that the theory of Fayolism gives a bit more respect to the employees in comparison to the theory of Taylorism. Week 2 Introduction This section of the blog focuses on the implementation of the structure and strategy in a number of organisatons along with one of the latest strategy named Holacracy. It is essential to find the correct strategy for an organisation before extending its implementation throughout the organisation. Holacracy is one of the most popular and booming management theory which allows the entire organisations to be divided into a number of decentralised teams, which allows the employees to have protection of experimentation. Activity 1 Some of the key ideas that I can extract from this activity are mentioned below. Competitive advantage of an organisation over the others in the same industry by managing the behaviour of the people working in the various business operations. Organisational design by transforming the organisational strategy into the organisational structure, which allows the entire business model of the organisation to be divided into a number of modules and a number of operations. Organisational structure following the organisational strategy to implement the strategy into the design of the organisation. Organisational strategy following organisational structure to incorporate the entire structure of the organisation into the strategy being developed. Its not true always that the increase in the number of rules in an organisation leads to increased efficiency. It is essential to find the correct strategy for an organisation before extending its implementation throughout the organisation. In the video, Yves Morieux mentioned in the interview that the structure of an organisation follows the strategy of the organisation (Morieux, 2009). It is obviously a fact, as the strategy allows the organisation to be divided into effective and efficient modules. But sometimes the strategy can follow the structure. Suppose a strategy is being developed for an organisation which should be implemented in each and every module in the business model of the organisation. In this case, the strategy follows the existing structure of the organisation to be able to cover the entire structure of the organisation. Activity 2 A number of key ideas which I could extract from the learning activity are mentioned below. The centralisation of power in the organisation could lead to the suffocation of innovation. The competitive advantage of an organisation over the others can be defined in terms of the flexibility and adaptability of the organisation. The CEO of the organisation is still in charge of some of the things in case Holacracy. Holacracy is one of the most popular and booming management theory which allows the entire organisations to be divided into a number of decentralised teams, which allows the employees to have protection of experimentation (Robertson, 2009). The decentralisation of the power in holacracy allows the employees of the organisation to involve innovation and creativity in their daily work. The management theory of holacracy allows an individual to play the role of both the superior and subordinate to another individual. A similarity which I could see between the innovative cultures of the organisation to the agile organisational structure is the various roles in the business model being interchanged among the team members of the organisation. The decentralisation of the power in the workplace helps these interchangeable roles to be more effective and efficient according to the strategy of the organisation. Holacracy focuses on the governance of the various team members through forgiveness rather than permission. This allows the hierarchical structure of the organisation to be completely removed from the workplace (Robertson, 2006). Conclusion The description of the management theories with the focus on structure and strategy of the organisations allows us to conclude that the implementation of the strategy depends on the structure of the organisation and vice versa. References Brunsson, K. H. 2008. Some effects of Fayolism. International Studies of Management and Organization, 38(1), 30-47. Morieux, Y., Blaxill, M., Boutenko, V. 2009. Generative interactions: The new source of competitive advantage. Restructuring Strategy, 86. Oliveira, N. 2012. Types of Structure. In Automated Organizations (pp. 15-26). Physica-Verlag HD. Pearson, N. M. 1945. Fayolism as the necessary complement of Taylorism. American Political Science Review, 39(01), 68-80. Robertson, B. J. 2006. Holacracy: A complete system for agile organizational governance and steering. Agile Project Management Executive Report, 7(7). Robertson, B. J. 2009. Organization evolved: Introducing holacracy. Unpublished manuscript. Zardet, V., Voyant, O. 2003. Organizational transformation through the socio-economic approach in an industrial context. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(1), 56-71.

Capital Punishment Essays (1184 words) - Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment Capital punishment is the execution of a perpetrator for committing a heinous crime (homicide), and it is a hotly debated topic in our society. The basic issue is whether capital punishment should be allowed as it is today, or abolished in part or in whole. My argument is that: 1) Capital punishment is not an effective deterrent for heinous crimes. 2) Life imprisonment can be worse of a punishment than death, not as costly as execution, and better for rehabilitation. 3) The innocent can be wrongly put to death. Conclusion: Capital punishment should be abolished. Though capital punishment might seem like the only way to get revenge, it is morally unjust. Who are we to decide whether a person should live or die? It is morally wrong, individually or through government action, to seek revenge on a murderer by means of execution. The death penalty violates our right to life. Capital Punishment is Not an Effective Deterrent As justification for capital punishment, deterrence is used to suggest that executing murderers will decrease the homicide rate by causing other potential murderers not to commit murder from fear of being executed themselves and obviously the murderer who is executed will not kill again. This position may seem initially correct, and indeed, in a USA Today Poll, 68% of respondents agreed that the death penalty is an effective deterrence for crimes. However, some research suggests that rather than deterring homicide, state executions actually may cause an increase in the number of homicides (Stack, 1990). This phenomenon has been called the brutalization hypothesis and it suggests that through proposition, modeling, or by legitimizing killing, the death penalty actually causes an increase in homicides. Thus, the brutalization hypothesis is a reason for opposing the death penalty. On the other hand, a study prepared for the UN in 1988 showed that abolishing the death penalty shows no significant change in the number of crimes committed. Since Canadas abolishing of the death penalty in 1975, homicide rate actually decreased 27 percent (up to 1993). Life Imprisonment Life imprisonment can be worse of a punishment than death for many convicted murderers. Instead of an easy out, these people will have to live out their lives without many of the freedoms and rights you and I take for granted. These people will be told when to wake, when to eat, when to work, and when to sleep. They will live out the rest of their days with the same monotonous routine, and after a while, many become so accustomed to it, that they lose their skills for live on the outside. Some of those who support the death penalty base their argument on the fact that it is a cost-effective alternative to life imprisonment. However, it may be more costly to execute an inmate than to have that person serve a life sentence (Amnesty International, 1987). A 1982 study in New York concluded that the average capital murder trial and the first stage of appeals costs U.S. tax-payers 1.8 million dollars (Bohm, 1987). It is estimated that this is less than it would cost to incarcerate someone for one hundred years. Other sources estimate that it can cost up to 2.2 million dollars to obtain and carry out a death sentence (Johnson, 1990). The principal factor in this cost is the appeals process, which lasts an average of ten years and is deemed necessary to reduce the likelihood of the execution of an innocent person. Obviously, the execution of a murderer deems him/her incapable of murdering again. However, those who support the concept of rehabilitation say that imprisonment is effective in preventing murderers from killing again. Murderers have the lowest rate of re-committing a homicide than people who have served time for other offenses (Johnson, 1990). The Innocent With convictions and executions, there is always a chance that someone was wrongly filed with charges. What are we to do with these people? In a study of capital convictions from 1900 to 1986 conducted by Radelet and Bedau, 350 cases were identified in which defendants were mistakenly convicted of crimes they did not commit, and of these 350, 24 were executed. Though 24 un-called for executions in 87 years dont sound too bad, the number should be zero. Society must determine whether the risk

FGM, Female Genital Mutilation

FGM, Female Genital Mutilation Female genital mutilation has been practiced in country's around the world for thousands of years, and will continue to be practiced, until those that practice it decide to stop.Many people who live in country's that are more industrialized, like the U.S.A., tend to think that no ones believes on right and wrong is correct, except their own. That is what comes up in conversation about FGM. Personally, I am not pro-FGM when it comes to its practice. However, I believe people who want to practice it, should be allowed to, without a bunch of 'activists against the practice of FGM' telling them to stop, or even 'informing' them about the potential health risks. The reason I am against even explaining the health risks to the people that practice this is, because whenever you have people that believe enough in something to base their entire life around it, there is nothing you can do or say that will get them to change; it would be like talking to a wall.Peer educating communities to put a n end to FGM/CThey will only change when the people themselves that live by these traditions get fed up with all the side-effects caused by the practice of FGM. It is every person and community's right to decide for themselves, without the intervention of outsiders, to decide to do whatever they want to do to their bodies and minds.I know, 'these women that are being circumcised, aren't freely deciding on this to be done to them, they don't know any better, they've been brainwashed'. I have two responses to this. The first is, if they have grown up in this culture all their lives, and this procedure has been done to their mothers, sisters, great grandmothers, etc. on the fear that if it is not done, something tearable...

Exodus Venture Capital Ltd Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exodus Venture Capital Ltd - Assignment Example References 9 Exodus Venture Capital Ltd: Investment Decision Introduction Every business that comes into existence has some objective. While for non-profit organizations, these might be service to humanity and meeting basic needs of communities, for commercial enterprises it is most certainly the profit motive that is the focus of attention for the owners and management. We see that both Brindley Ltd. and Haines Ltd. are in the same industry sector of building materials. It thus makes sense to compare results of those companies that are in the same industry sector and therefore are faced with the same opportunities and threats from the external environment. Meanwhile the internal structure and organization of a particular firm would signify its strengths and weaknesses. Industry averages as computed by financial dailies like the Financial Times and rating agencies such as Dunn & Bradstreet, Standard and Poor and Value Line can also serve as a good baseline by which to compare and con trast the results of a particular firm (Weston et al, 2006, 73). The Importance of Financial Ratios In the absence of further information, financial ratios are a good way of determining the financial health and viability of a business enterprise. In other words, they give us a picture of the status of the business at a certain point in time. It has been agreed by the business and financial community that certain types of ratios are important to different stakeholders the world over. Thus we have different types of ratios as well such as liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, investment ratios etc. Debtors, creditors or investors, all these parties are interested in whether the business enterprise in question will be able to repay them their outstanding or give suitable returns on the capital invested in the business. Ratio analysis not only gives us a good idea of this possibility but also a comparative picture of how the firm is doing in comparison to others in the same industry s ector (Meigs & Meigs, 1993, 793). Thus popular websites such as Yahoo Finance not only have details of stock prices, fluctuations and ratios but also a comparison with industry averages. Such comparisons help us reflect not only on company performance but policy as well. For example the company might have too lenient a credit policy which might create stuck up loans and liquidity problems. It may find it difficult to attract additional funds from the public via share issue if it has a poor record of dividend declaration and payment. Types of Financial Ratios The most common types of financial ratios are as follows: 1. Short Term Solvency/ Liquidity Ratios 2. Long Term Solvency/ Debt Equity Ratios 3. Profitability Ratios 4. Asset Utilization Ratios 5. Investment Ratios (Rao, 1992, 112) Evaluation of Brindley Ltd. & Haines Ltd. Using Financial Ratio Analysis Short Term Solvency/ Liquidity Ratios 1. Current Ratio= Total Current Assets / Total Current Liabilities For Brindley Ltd. : ? 9 10,000 / 520,000 = 1.75: 1 For Haines Ltd. : ? 1050,000 / 600,000 = 1.75: 1 Incidentally, both companies have the same liquidity ratio so it seems both are equally preferred from the viewpoint of ratio analysis. 2. Quick/ Acid Test Ratio= Total Current Assets – Inventories – Trade Rec./ Total Current Liabilities For Brindley Ltd. : ? 60,000 / 520,000 = : 0.115: 1 For Haines Ltd. : ? 50,000 / 600,000 = 0.083: 1 Here we can see that Brindley Ltd. is in a slightly better position than Haines Ltd. However both firms would be unable to settle their

Exam, Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam, Culture - Essay Example Colonialism has few advantages like it is an expansion of religion, culture and expansion of country. While disadvantage is law enforcement, may result in unrest. The term Orientalism appeared in 19th century, it is the study which colonial powers do, so that they fully understand the culture of the area to be ruled, in order to have full knowledge of their lifestyle and language to have full control. Orientalism is the scholarly perception of Asians in West. The orient became a western concept, Orientalism a tool to control and manipulate. For example, when British ruled India they never let Hindus and Muslim come closer to each other because they always had religious differences, while British used the policy of divide and rule. No culture of the world has the power of remain same; every culture is prone to changes. Some people in a culture may remain use the traditional way of living but not everybody in culture has this strong control. So when culture inherently allows changes, the elements of culture keep changing slowly or in result to correspond to pre-industrial societies. Next, change can take place even if some important cultural elements still evolve slowly. Generally speaking, societies in transition to industrialization, colonialism or imperialism have this type of cultures. So this kind of cultures has allowed notable changes during the last 25 years. They correspond to confirmed industrial societies and, mainly, the post-industrial ones. For example, in subcontinent the Hindus and Muslims have lived together for so many years, so now they have so much in common like language, fashion, politics and studies. Indian Cinema: India has one of the largest cinemas in the world with the production of almost 1200 movies per year. Largest regional cinemas are Bollywood, Bengali Cinema and Tamil cinema while small cinemas include Kannada cinema, Malayalam cinema, Marathi cinema and Telugu cinema. Indian cinema makes movie on serious content, realism and naturalism. Indian Cinema has also made its name popular world wide in parallel cinema. Bollywood and Hollywood: Bollywood: Bollywood is the name given to the Indian film industry, just like Hollywood but the B of Bollywood comes from Bombay, a big city in India. Bollywood claims to be the largest of the world with the production of 800 movies a year. The typical Bollywood movie is about the boy who falls in love with a girl and then there is a villain plus a comedy sidekick. The film also includes a lot of colors with all the songs and dances with a lot of costumes. Hollywood: Hollywood is the film industry of the United States of America in Los Angeles. It started with a silent movie in the year 1830. Hollywood is the most popular cinema of the world. There are four main periods of Hollywood, silent film era, classical Hollywood cinema, New Hollywood and contemporary period (after 1980). Critique of cultural purity (authenticity): Cultural purity is one of the oldest concept in which that Humanists used to believe one day the Roman Empire will rise again for the restoration of classic cultural purity, and so by the late 14th and early 15th century, humanists likeLeonardo Bruni believed they had attained this new age, and that a third,Modern Agehad begun. So the cultural purity is now a concept which is now considered a myth now as it is impossible

Marula Wine Making Process Environmental Sciences Essay

Marula Wine Making Process Environmental Sciences Essay The name chosen for the marula wine produced in this activity is a combination of the first names of both manufacturers. It sounds exotic and thus makes the wine more attractive to potential drinkers. The Chemical Process of Fermentation Fermentation is an enzyme-catalyzed chemical process in cells whereby large organic molecules, such as glucose, are decomposed anaerobically. Simpler molecules are produced and energy is yielded (Fermentation, 2010). In the context of industrial fermentation, suitable microorganisms and specified conditions are necessary to begin reactions that produce products such as alcohol and glycerol. During alcoholic fermentation, enzymes from yeasts added to fruits are used to convert sugars and starches into alcohol. Carbon dioxide and energy are also yielded from the reaction (Fermentation, 2008). At the end of the process, yeast or other microorganisms no longer convert sugars in the solution into alcohol. Dead yeast cells will then remain suspended in the wine, which should be removed. During the manufacture of wine and beer, fermentation is evident in the production of foam, which is the carbon dioxide that is yielded from the reaction. In order to manage the reaction effectively for the best possible outcome, various factors should be carefully controlled. If the temperature of the surroundings is too high or too low, this will kill the yeast. The temperature needs to be approximately between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius for the yeast to thrive (The Fermentation Process, 2007). If too much sugar is added, a stuck fermentation will occur soon after the process starts, due to the inhibition of the yeast (The Fermentation Process, 2007). It will then only be able to tolerate a low concentration of alcohol. The solution should be diluted in order to reduce the sugar concentration and reactivate the yeast. The fermentation may not start if the solution is too acidic, or if there is not sufficient acid. If the fruit solution is too acidic, the wine will taste bitter and should then be neutralized using a potassium carbonate solution. If the wine lacks bouquet and tastes insipid, there is too little acid. Two teaspoons of citric acid should be added per 4, 5 litres of wine (The Fermentation Process, 2007) to improve the taste of the wine. The taste and bouquet of the wine can negatively be affected by certain elements during the wine-making process. A bacterial infection can easily occur if the mixture has not been properly sealed, or if the wine-making equipment has not been adequately sterilized. The wine will easily acetify and form vinegar as a result of bacterial spoilage. The addition of a small amount of sodium metabisulfite in the early stages of fermentation is necessary to kill all bacteria and thus prevent oxidation and the resulting expiration of the wine. However, the mixture may smell like rotten eggs if too much sodium metabisulfite has been added. It will react with the yeast and cause an excess of sulfites to be released (The Fermentation Process, 2007). The clarity of the wine will be reduced if the yeast remains suspended in the solution (The Fermentation Process, 2007). The wine should then be moved to a cooler area and potassium sorbate should be added to stabilize the mixture by killing the yeast. A pectin haze may also often occur due to the remaining cellulose from the fruit (How to make homemade wine step by step, 2009). A very small amount of pectin enzyme should be added in due time to decompose the pectin. The wine will then clear after a few weeks. If it lacks colour, there is not a high enough concentration of fruit. Tannin or acid needs to be added and the wine must then be left to mature further. If the wine is too bitter, there is excess tannin due to the high concentration of fruit in the mixture (The Fermentation Process, 2007). Importantly, carbon dioxide gas should be removed during the fermentation process so that the taste of the wine is not adversely affected by the production of any bacteria. However, if there is too little carbon dioxide, the taste of the wine could also be negatively affected. If the fermentation is still in process when the wine is sealed in a bottle, high levels of carbon dioxide may be dangerous. This may cause the bottle to burst or the cork or seal to be pushed off with great force due to the high pressure created inside the container. It is thus essential to make sure that fermentation has stopped before the wine is bottled. The process should either be allowed to run to completion (no more foam is present), or 1 gram of potassium sorbate should be added to every 4, 5 litres of wine. This inhibits the growth of yeast or other microorganisms that cause fermentation in the solution (The Fermentation Process, 2007). Procedural design Aim To produce 750ml of high quality wine by the controlled fermentation of the fruits of the Marula (Schleracarya birrea) tree. Hypothesis High quality wine will be produced by the controlled fermentation of ripe fruits of the Mpumalanga Marula tree. Abstract It was decided that a combination of recipes would be used in order to maximize efficiency for the purpose of making Marula wine. No specific recipes for Marula wine were found, but most instructions specified that any fruit from a certain category could be used in the recipe. 4 separate batches of marula wine were made. Each batch was tightly sealed in an opaque container. It was sealed in order to prevent more air and bacteria from entering. In this manner, aerobic bacteria would not survive in the container due to the low amount of oxygen available. The stimulation of bacterial growth by sunlight would also be prevented by the opaqueness of the container. A small quantity of sodium metabisulfite (Campden powder) was added to each of the wine mixtures in order to kill bacteria and preserve the wine (How to make homemade wine step by step, 2009). This was necessary in order to prevent acetefication due to bacterial infection of the solutions. A hole was made in the lids of each container so that a flexible plastic pipe could be inserted. The end of the pipe was placed in a container filled with water to allow for carbon dioxide gas to escape from the fermenting solution. No other gases were allowed to enter due to the placement of the pipe in the water. This should have further prevented bacteria from growing in the solutions. The wines were made, sealed and left to ferment on the 31st January 2010. Approximately a month was allowed for the fermentation of each of the wines. The best wine was then selected according to its bouquet, taste, clarity and colour. The very first batch was chosen. A very small quantity of pectic enzyme was added to the chosen batch after a month at the end of the fermentation process in order to decompose the pectin sediments that remained suspended in the solution. This should have improved clarity, taste and bouquet (Callec, C., 2006) Wine 1 (Chosen Batch) Apparatus  ±2kg ripened Marula fruit 4, 5 litres warm water 500ml refined white cane sugar crystals  ± 30ml Lemon juice 2 x ripe bananas, peeled and cut up  ¼ teaspoon sodium metabisulfite (Crushed and powdered Campden tablets) Pectic enzyme Large metal pot Sharp knife Chopping board Digital scale Large airtight, opaque container with small hole for pipe Dropper Flexible plastic pipe Nylon mesh straining bag Cooking oil filter Paper 2 x Jugs Sterilized, transparent wine bottle with lid Stirring spoon Funnel Method Collect ripened (yellow) marula fruit from across the Nelspruit region. Discard rotten marulas. Rinse marulas with skins on. Boil  ± 4, 5l water on stove in large metal pot. Add sugar and stir until solvent dissolves. Allow water and sugar solution to cool whilst peeling marula fruits. Cut cross in marula skins with sharp knife and peel. Discard rotten fruit and skins. Measure mass to obtain approximately 2kg peeled marula fruits. Add peeled marula fruit and warm sugar solution to large, airtight, opaque container. Add chopped bananas, lemon juice and sodium metabisulfite to solution. Stir mixture and make hole in lid. Seal lid on top of mixture. Place pipe into container through small hole in lid. Place the end of pipe into the water container. Place in a moderately warm, dry and dark room. Allow to ferment for 1 week. Remove marula pips and fruit sediment from mixture. Ferment for a further 3 weeks, checking every few days for bacterial infections and to make sure that fermentation is progressing properly. Use dropper to add 1 drop of pectic enzyme to mixture. Fermentation must be complete. Leave mixture for a further 2 days. Filter mixture twice using cooking oil filter paper, nylon staining mesh and jugs. Cover and place wine in fridge to cool. Leave for 1 day. Filter wine once more and use funnel to transfer the wine to sterilized wine bottle. Seal and keep cool in fridge. Presentation: The presentation was carefully planned according to appropriate wine-tasting etiquette. A plain white tablecloth and neutral tones were chosen in order to bring focus to the actual colour and clarity of the wine (Callec, C., 2006). Proper, clear wine glasses were used to present the wine. A single white candle was lit so that the clarity could be properly examined. Salticracks and assorted wine cheeses accompanied the wine as a palette-cleanser for the tasters. Tasteful, but simple cheeses were chosen so that the taste of the wine would not be overpowered. A spitting bucket was provided. Quality Marula Wine Wine batches 2 4 Wine 2 500g peeled marula fruit  ¼ teaspoon sodium metabisulfite Airtight container Wine 3 500g peeled marula fruit 500ml white sugar 2 litres warm water Airtight container  ¼ teaspoon sodium metabisulfite Pipe Medium plastic container Wine 4 1000g unpeeled marula fruit 4 litres water  ¼ teaspoon sodium metabisulfite Airtight container Pipe Analysis of results A large panel of wine-tasters judged Dalroch at a wine-tasting ceremony held at Penryn College on 25 February. The wines were judged according to bouquet, taste, clarity, colour and presentation. Various scientific explanations can be given for the overall results. Dalroch was lightly tinted in colour. The level achieved for this result was 3/7. This can be attributed to the fact that the concentration of fruit in the wine was too low. The solution was too dilute and the fermentation process did not occur efficiently enough to yield a wine with an intense, attractive colour. No wine yeast was added to the mixture, which would most certainly have had a detrimental effect on the fermentation procedure. The reaction would thus have been very slow or even stunted due to the lack of microorganisms to decompose the Marula fruit. Some fermentation may have occurred as a result of decomposition organisms in the Marulas, but not efficiently enough to yield an intensely attractive colour in the wine. Due to the preservation of the solution by sodium metabisulfite, the initial light, white colour that the marulas produced would have been maintained. The result obtained for the clarity of the wine was 5/7. There was no sediment in the wine, as pectic enzyme was added 3 days prior to the wine tasting. But the cloudy colour can be attributed to the fact that the pectic enzyme was added too late for proper decomposition of the pectin sediment to occur. The cloudy wine was also most likely as a result of bacteria spoilage. The equipment used may not have been sterilized properly, resulting in bacterial infections of the wine (The Fermentation Process, 2007). The solution was most probably oxidized because the container was not properly sealed to prevent air from entering. The container was opened too often, allowing bacteria to enter and reproduce in the wine mixture. The cloudy haze of the wine could also be attributed to the fact that fermentation did not occur properly, due to the omission of yeast in the mixture. The fruit would therefore not have reacted sufficiently with microorganisms to produce alcohol, leaving more sediment in the wine (The Fermentation Process, 2007). The slight cloudiness of the wine could not have been caused because the solution was not filtered properly. It was filtered enough times using proper filter paper and a nylon mesh bag. The result received for the bouquet of Dalroch was 4/7. The smell of the wine was slightly unattractive. Bacterial infection of the wine would have caused it to acetify, giving it an unpleasant smell akin to that of vinegar (The Fermentation Process, 2007). The wine tasted slightly like vinegar. Bacterial infections caused by improper sterilization of equipment and oxidation of the wine after exposure to air would have caused the wine to have a slightly sharp, unpleasant taste. The sodium metabisulfite that was added at the beginning of the procedure would have prevented the wine from acetifying further by killing most bacterias. More sodium metabisulfite could later have been added to help preserve the wine and prevent further acetefication (Callec, C., 2006). The sharp taste can also be attributed to the poor fermentation of the fruit. Insufficient microorganisms for reaction with the fruit sediment to produce alcohol would have resulted in insufficient and stunted fermentation. The prevalence of pectin sediment would have given the wine a very astringent taste due to the acidity of the tannin in the cells of Marulas. This problem could have been resolved by neutralizing the acidity with a potassium carbonate solution (The Fermentatio n Process, 2007). Because the presentation was properly planned according to the rules of wine-tasting etiquette, good results were received. However, it may have been improved by using music and a slide-show to create more ambiance. Failed wines: Neither of batches 2-4 was successful. Each had a notably bitter taste and an unattractive smell. Batch 4 was the least attractive. This can easily be attributed to the addition of skins to the mixture and bacterial spoilage. The levels of pectin and tannin were very high and the astringent solution was also very hazy. The heavy bitterness was thus as a result of acetefication and high acidity in the mixture. The clarity could have been improved with the addition of pectic enzyme to decompose the pectin sediment. Potassium sorbate could have been added to stunt fermentation and prevent too much alcohol from forming. No sugar was added to the second or forth batches. It can be deduced that insufficient nutrients were thus available to the microorganisms in these mixtures. Fermentation would not have occurred properly, even though some sugars from the fruits were available for the reaction. The very unpleasant tastes could have also been attributed to bacteria spoilage in the wine (The Fermentation Process, 2007). Evaluation of Process A more successful result could have been obtained if the wine-making process was planned more carefully prior to the making of the wine. The equipment could be sterilized properly in future to prevent initial bacterial infection and acetefication of the wine. A proper airlock could be used to prevent the entering of air into the fermenting solution. Bacteria would thus be prevented from reproducing and oxidation of the wine would not occur. Wine yeast should have been added so that the fermentation process would have been carried through properly, producing enough alcohol at a fast enough rate (The Fermentation Process, 2007). The pectic enzyme should be added a few weeks prior to the completion of the wine so that the pectin sediment could have been decomposed properly. The clarity of the wine would thus improve. Sodium metabisulfite could be added every two to three weeks to kill all bacteria and inhibit acetefication of the wine. Small amounts would be used to prevent the wine fro m smelling too sulfurous. At the end of the procedure, one gram of potassium sorbate would be added to the wine to stunt further fermentation and production of carbon dioxide. By doing this, the bottle would be in no danger of bursting (The Fermentation Process, 2007). Conclusions The quality of the wine produced by fermentation of Marula fruits was average. Fermentation was not controlled properly, resulting in bacteria spoilage and the consequential acetefication of some of the solution. Due to the omission of yeast and inadequate preservation of the solution, a stunted fermentation resulted early in the production process. It can therefore be concluded that the attempted control of fermentation of Marulas fruits was not effective, resulting in a wine of mediocre quality. The fermentation process should be controlled better in future to produce a higher quality wine. Uses of alcohol in our multicultural society Alcohol is a drug that affects the central nervous system. It belongs in a class with the barbiturates, minor tranquilizers, and general anesthetics, and it is commonly classified as a depressant. (Alcohol consumption, 2010). Alcoholic beverages are consumed in our multicultural society largely for their effects on the mind and body. Alcohol is often utilized within certain social contexts and even as a part of some religious practices (Alcohol consumption, 2010), as it is closely associated with enjoyment and as having symbolic value in celebrations. The effects of alcohol on the brain and body may vary greatly. For some, the substance may serve as an excitant. Under other conditions it can act as a sedative. When consumed as a beverage in high concentrations, alcohol becomes a depressant. This most often leads to a stupor and in more severe situations, coma (Alcohol consumption, 2010). As a food, alcohol effectively has very little nutritional value beyond its caloric content. However, people in general society drink alcohol to reduce feelings of tension and anxiety and often to experience exhilaration. Many discover that drinking can help to suppress overwhelming inhibitions and tensions that interfere with the need to function effectively in social or economic situations. The anxiety-suppressing action of alcohol is largely due to a function of muscle relaxation and the removal of social inhibitions. Alcoholic beverages are used to cause a loss of socially expected restraints. The shy become outgoing or bold. Well-behaved people become disorderly and fearful people may become brave. In most modern societies today, the capacity of alcohol to serve as a social aid is valued greatly. (Alcohol consumption, 2010).   Alcohol is important in pharmacology for use as a solvent for some active, more non-polar medicines (Alcohol consumption, 2010). Such medicines are not very soluble in water, which is comprised of polar molecules. These substances would more readily dissolve in alcohols, which are comprised of polar and non-polar parts. Alcohols with larger alkyl groups would be most preferable for non-polar medicines, as these are more non-polar than alcohols with smaller alkyl groups. It has been scientifically proven that alcohol can act as a mild anticoagulant and reduce the risk of strokes and heart attacks, when just 15ml is consumed per day. The substance is also used for the prevention of what is known as delirium tremens (symptoms due to alcohol withdrawal) in alcoholics (Alcohol consumption, 2010). In some cultures, whiskey is used to treat colds and snakebites. Brandy is used to treat faintness. Spirits can be used as a tonic, beer for lactation and any other alcoholic beverage for the treatment of tiredness or overexcitement. However, these uses depend largely upon popular belief and not on sound medical fact. Physicians may prescribe an alcoholic drink to stimulate a sluggish appetite, to act as a vasodilator and to relieve premenstrual stress in women. Alcoholic beverages can be used to relieve aches and pains in elderly people (Alcohol consumption, 2010). However, these effects are once again more psychological than medically effective. Alcoholic beverages most often become central in important personal and social ceremonies. These include rites of passage in most religions and all African cultures, medicine, birth ceremonies, initiations, weddings, feasts, conclaves, crownings, magic rites, worship rituals, hospitality, war declaration, peace declaration and funerals (Alcohol consumption, 2010). In the earliest agriculturally dependant civilizations, alcoholic beverages had many uses. Firstly, they had nutritional value. Secondly, they were the most efficient kind of medication available to treat certain illnesses and particularly for relieving pain. It would have had the capacity to help the shaman or priest and other participants to reach a desired state of ecstasy or frenzy to be able to communicate with supernatural spirits or gods. The substances powers were attributed to the supernatural. Alcohol is still used in magic ceremonies in African cultures today due to the continuation of such beliefs. As in modern society, alcohol was used in keystone ceremonies and allowed for more enjoyable festivities. Ancient uses of alcohol have influenced its role in society today. A drink is still used symbolically to announce friendship, peace, agreement and used in business of political relations. In Judaism, consumption of alcohol is important in the celebration of circumcision of 8-year-old boys to celebrating weddings, toasting to the departed in funerals and on every Sabbath day. In these kinds of ceremonies, alcohol became synonymous with a strict attitude of respect for the importance of such occasions. Drinking too much is consequentially inappropriate. Becoming drunk in any social situation has thus become a rejected and negative practice (Alcohol consumption, 2010). In many other religions, red wine is used religiously to symbolize the blood of life and, in Christianity, to symbolize the blood of Jesus Christ (Alcohol consumption, 2010). In Islam, the Koran condemns the drinking of wine. Consequentially, devout followers of Mohammed all over the world have strictly prohibited the use of any kind of alcoholic beverage at all. Similarly, some Christian denominations have also attested to the prohibition of alcohol consumption due to the detrimental effects it can have on behavior and the body. It is believed that loss of inhibition caused by drinking is disrespectful to the body and to the God in question (Alcohol consumption, 2010). In South Africa and on the rest of the continent, maize, sorghum, bananas, honey, certain tree saps and many fruits have been fermented to produce a variety of exotic beers and wines. In the Zulu culture, for example, beer is made by the female and used to celebrate successful hunting trips or won battles by the males. It is also used by the Shaman and its consumption is not strictly controlled in these cultures (Alcohol consumption, 2010).   The South African government has shown recognition of the potential of newer, science-orientated approaches to alcohol use. Research, education and therapeutic activities are supported, often through special institutions. This is done to maximize control of alcohol use in our society today. (Alcohol consumption, 2010). Conclusively, the reasons for alcohol use can be summarized by its function as a facilitator of mood change in any desired direction. Abuses of alcohol in society Alcohol is commonly discussed in terms of its detrimental effects. The most serious and negative effect of alcohol on humans is alcoholism. The next most serious problems that may be caused are alcoholic diseases. Physical and mental problems arise directly or indirectly as a result of alcoholism or heavy drinking. Due to the negative effects that alcohol can have on the body and because of how it influences behavior when consumed in copious amounts, governments regulate its use by enforcing laws (Alcohol consumption, 2010). In South Africa and the rest of the world, there has been a steady increase in the amount of alcohol consumed over the last century. This has resulted from an increased availability and accessibility of commercial alcohols. Advertising has played a large role in the higher consumption and consequential abuse of alcohol in our society today (Parry, C.D.H.; Pluddemann, A., 1998). In modern society, social pressure can often cause people to abuse alcohol in order to fit in and become socially acceptable to their peers. This is considered highly problematic due to the severe and varying consequences that alcohol has on the mind and body, particularly when it is consumed in large quantities. The most common problems that arise are hangover effects, which include headaches, nausea, dizziness, gastritis and dehydration. Physical and mental incompetence may last as long as 24 hours after the alcohol consumed has been metabolized. Frequent or heavy intoxication of the body by alcohol can caus e severe disturbances to ones health. These disturbances may include cardiac arrhythmias, acute hepatitis, loss of memory, fainting, cancer of the esophagus, stomach and other organs, and other mental impairments which arise in the long-term due to the eventual shrinking of the brain (Alcohol consumption, 2010). Living in our society today comes with the heavy, unavoidable burdens of stress that are brought about by fast-paced, busy and unhealthy lifestyles. It has been scientifically proven that the rate of depression across the globe has increased very significantly as a result (Alcohol consumption, 2010). Many people choose to consume alcohol in order to escape from the reality of their social pressures. This often leads to abuse of the substance. Some drinkers who feel more socially acceptable when drinking are willing to suffer mild and even the severe aftereffects of drunkenness for the sake of temporary euphoria and loss of inhibition. Frequent intoxication, even of a moderate degree, has a severe and burdening effect on the drinker. It can cause severe liver damage and atrophy of the cerebral cortex in more vulnerable people (Alcohol consumption, 2010). It is often seen that the alcoholic experiences more social problems than the expected relief for which they drink. Due to the mental and physical impairment that alcohol causes when consumed in heavy amounts, alcoholics cannot function properly in the simplest of daily activities. For this reason, many alcoholics experience job loss and social rejection. The abuse of alcohol can cause serious aggression and result in verbal, physical and sexual abuse of others. The alcoholic will consequentially alienate even the people that matter most to them. Alcohol may be seen as the single greatest cause of the breakdown of family life (Alcohol consumption, 2010). If the problem is not attended to, poverty and even eventual death may result. The social and economic costs of alcoholism and heavy drinking are heavy in societies all over the world. The annual costs of serviced provided due to these problems are measured in billions of dollars (Alcohol consumption, 2010). A large fraction of the work of police departments and the cost of local courts and jails is attributed to arrests and prosecutions for public intoxication and other incidents in which alcohol is involved. It has become very necessary for governments to intervene in order to maintain some control over the use of alcohol in society today (Alcohol consumption, 2010). The drinking age in South Africa is 18 years by law, and it is illegal for any establishment to sell or provide alcohol to a minor. The government regulates this law due to the higher abuse of alcohol by more irresponsible adolescents and because of how studies show that alcohol consumption and abuse is skewed towards younger populations. Alcohol intoxication is closely associated with mortality and morbidity that are caused mainly by accidents and violence. According to Mr Jacob Zuma, alcohol has been associated with unsafe sexual practices and an increased risk of contracting HIV (Parry, C.D.H.; Pluddemann, A., 1998). In developing countries all over Africa, infectious diseases remain very viable causes of alcohol misuse. Studies associate this with poor nutrition and it can therefore be deferred that the consequential weakening of the immune system by such practices further increase susceptibility to opportunistic diseases (Parry, C.D.H.; Pluddemann, A., 1998). One of the most serious abuses of alcohol is drunk driving. It is illegal in South Africa to drive whilst the concentration of alcohol in any sample of blood taken from the driver is more than 0, 05 grams per 100 millilitres (Alcohol and Legal Implications of Drunk Driving, 2007). Alcohol mentally and physically affects the driver by causing their reactions to become sluggish and judgment of other vehicles and objects on the road to become impaired. Due to high speeds and the much higher chances of causing a collision on the road, it is a very serious offense to drive drunk. The lives of the driver many innocent people on the roads are endangered due to drunken driving and negligence that is so common amongst people in society today. The Arrive Alive campaign on roads is one of the many examples of attempts by the South African government to reduce and effectively end the abuse of alcohol and the consequential increasing death toll on our roads (Alcohol and Legal Implications of Drun k Driving, 2007). There is evidence that an expectant mother can endanger the development of the fetus by drinking even the smallest quantities of alcohol. Fetal alcohol syndrome may result from a variety of birth defects that arise as a result. The problem arises when people do not take medical advice seriously. Some negligent mothers are abusive to the lives of their children by consuming alcohol during pregnancy. The defects include disorders of the central nervous system, slower development, mental impairment and abnormal physical features. Some babies are so severely affected that they may die soon after birth. No amount of alcohol consumption should thus be considered safe during pregnancy (Alcohol consumption, 2010). It can be concluded that the abuse of alcohol in our multicultural society today should be avoided due to the many serious and negative implications that are associated with its intoxication of the body. It is essential for the governments of all countries to strictly regulate consumption for a safer, more efficient and productive society.

Companion Animal Behavior and Training Module

In the case study, a young adult male cat, neutered and aged between four and five years old, undergoes extreme modifications in behavior in response to the birth of a newborn child to the owner-couple. The domestic short-hair lives in a single-cat household and prior to the birth of the first baby and the baby’s subsequently learning to crawl, the cat made appropriate use of 24-hour outside access, toileting outside in an acceptable fashion.Since the baby in the household learnt to crawl, the cat has started unrinating in the upstairs area of the house and squatting in various different locations.The cat also began grooming excessively. Based on this case study information, several determinations can be made about the causal factors relating to the behavioral issues displayed by the cat. For obvious reasons relating to the general health of the household, the cat’s behavior poses several hazards. One principle explanation for the behavior change, however, is the presen ce of the first child and the cat’s perception of the child, now mobile and a perceived presence from the cat’s perspective, as a treat to the cat’s perceived territory in the house.The explanation for the behavioral issues rests upon the fact that cats sometimes undertake urine spraying or urine marking because of territorial disputes, during aggressive conflicts, and even during sexual encounters. The spray produced is pungent and designed to ward off potential predators or competitors. In the case study, the cat clearly fields that the child, crawling and thereby presenting what must be a visible threat to the cat, is a predator or a threat of some general kind to the cat’s domination of the household, his territory.The objective of marking the territory is to establish its boundaries and ward off the child. It is classic cat behavior to advertise their presence in a territory by spraying visually conspicuous sites. Since cats naturally look to â€Å" time share† territories, marks enable the cats to space themselves out and prevent unwanted encounters. Cats can identify the urine marks so track can be kept of their neighbours (Hart, 1980a). Spraying serves to bring the male and female together during the breeding season. It is often done at a height convenient for sniffing (Beaver, 1992).Cats that spray urine inside their homes are classically prevented from doing so by neutering. Since the cat in the case study is already neutered, other measures must be undertake to curb the behavior. Most often, spraying is undertaken by reproductively intact males. Females spray as well, but less rarely. In one study conducted by the ASPCA, 77 percent of cats stopped or significantly reduced spraying within six months. Ten percent of male cats neutered before 10 months of age will still spray as adults. In households with numerous cats, at least one cat will likely spray, even if all the cats are neutered (ASPCA, 2007).Cats can become jealous upon the arrival of a new baby and this is particularly since the presence of a new child leaves the parents, the cat’s owners, exhausted and turmoil of a new baby, the cat is often neglected. This creates and exacerbates resentment about the presence of the child. Of course, it should not be ruled out that medical problems could be the cause of the cat’s unusual behavior. At the very least, this must be investigated as a potential cause. Medical problems such as diarrhea, urinary bladder inflammation, and the condition polydipsia or polyuria may promote unusual behavior from the cat.The signs of these problems include soft to watery diarrhea, which may indicate a problem in the small intestine, or mucus visible in the stool, along with blood, which suggests an inflamed colon or colitis. Urinary bladder infections may include FUS, bacterial infection, calculi or bladder stones, and tumors. Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, liver disease, ad renal gland disease, pyometra, and hypercalcemia are all possible medical causes for spraying and urinating in the house (ASPCA, 2007).If the baby were not present in the house it would be viable to note that females in heat, male spraying, other cats outdoors, over-crowding indoors, and the possible presence of testicular tissue remaining and producing low level hormones. Overcrowding, unchained litter, interrupted access to liter boxes, a change in litter type, and the presence of objectionable chemicals may be causing the problem. Psychological stress factors such as moving to a new environment or undergoing a change in routine can leave cats of any age bewildered and under considerable psychological stress.Overall, cats are loners and avoid interactions with other cats, except when with a mate, with young, or if several cats belong to the one household. The area traveled during normal activities is known the home range (Beaver, 1992; Bradshaw, 1992; Thorne, 1992). It is much lar ger for males than for females (Bradshaw, 1992) and the range may overlap other animals’ ranges (Thorne, 1992). Studies on free-ranging cats (Fox, 1975), showed that cats have a home territory and a home range that consists of places for resting, sunbathing and watching. A network of paths connects places and people may visit them regularly.Cats have an order of dominance in a neighborhood, which depends on time and place. If a low-ranking cat has already entered a narrow passageway and a high-ranking cat enters, the less dominant animal will sit and wait until the way is clear. Cats go to great lengths to avoid meeting another cat on a pathway, and chance face-to-face encounters lead to fighting and chasing and the development of a dominant–subordinate relationship. Subordinate males are pushed around in a dominant male’s home range. They essentially become nomads (Liberg, 1981, cited in Thorne, 1992).If a group of cats is maintained in colony pens, they need t o be provided with shelves so they can ‘own’ one and retreat there from other cats (Hart, 1980). The cats work out an arrangement where certain ones use the floor at different times to others. Rubbing may help reinforce social positions, with subordinate individuals generally rubbing more dominant conspecifics (Macdonald, Apps, Carr and Kerby, 1987). The socialization period is the time when all primary social bonds are formed and is the most important period during the cat’s life (Beaver, 1992).Active social con tact with more than one adult cat at some crucial development stage is necessary for an adult cat to adapt later to social living conditions (Bradshaw, 1992). Given this, the lack of socialization with a new infant introduced to a household is going to cause problems and, after official confirmation that there are no medical explanations for the cat’s unusual behavior, the likely best response will involve heavy bonding efforts to help the cat ove rcome feelings of displacement, in addition to efforts to help the cat to perceive the baby as a non-threat to its territory.SECTION B: To modify the behavior of the cat in the case study, several steps need to be undertaken to ensure that the cause of the problem is properly assessed and to assure that the problem does become resolved as quickly and as efficiently as possible. The first step in the behavioral modification process will be to identify the reasons that they cat is spraying. Presumably, the new baby is the issue, however, it is necessary as a precautionary measure at least to have the cat subjected to a physical examination by a qualified vet.Physical problems can lead to inappropriate urination and spraying and should at least be ruled out before any psychological issues are investigated. To assess the psychological state of the cats it is quite important to begin by discouraging other cats from hanging around outside the home, if there are any signs that cats are doi ng this. Ideally, one of the various types of commercially available motion-activated devices, such as the Critter Gitterâ„ ¢, the Scarecrowâ„ ¢, or the Scraminalâ„ ¢, serve the function to frighten outdoor cats away.The Scat Matâ„ ¢ and the Sofa Saverâ„ ¢ can be used to keep outdoor cats away from doors and windows if there is evidence that other cats are coming this close to the house (ASPCA, 2007). Although it is not likely that this type of territorial issue is in play in the case study, the cat’s owners would to well to investigate and rule out the possibility. Multiple factors could easily be in play since the cat’s behavior is altered so drastically and since there is evidence that it is only since the new baby began crawling that the cat’s urination and spraying have been a problem.If the cat is spraying in several locations, areas should be made less appealing. Commercially available are such deterrent systems as Ssscatâ„ ¢ may be used and the cat’s owners might also try establishing a different behavioral pattern in the sprayed locations by placing items that stimulate behaviors incompatible with spraying, such as the food dish or toys in the appropriate locations. A litter box may also be placed in each location to try to establish the same change in behavioral pattern. The ultimate treatment objective is to revolve the cat’s sense of insecurity in their home environment.Any form of direct punishment is to be avoided. Punishment simply makes the cat feel more insecure. If the cat has singled out one new person to be the target of marking, as in this case, the baby, it is helpful to have the child present and seeming to participate in the feeding of the cat as a means of establishing trust for the cat. In general cases, it can also be helpful to have family members use the same soaps, shampoos so as to homogenise the group in terms of smells. This stops the cat from singling out one human being for attention.A behavioral modification campaign along these lines can be supported with the use of anxiolytics, tranquilisers, and pheromonatherapy if little or no progress is seen over time. However, these drugs should be given only in combination with behaviour modification and essentially as a last resort, on advisement of a vet. In the case study example, it is highly likely not only that the threat is correctly identified as the new baby and that extra attention given to the cat combined with certain modified methods of feeding, for example, involving the young child, the issues surrounding the urination and spraying should quickly be resolved.REFERENCES. American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA]. 2007. Animal Behavior Center: Cat Behavior. http://www. aspca. org/site/PageServer. Beaver, B. V. 1992. Feline Behavior: A Guide for Veterinarians. W. B. Saunders Company, Sydney. Bradshaw, J. W. S. 1992. The Behavior of the Domestic Cat. C. A. B International UK. Fo x, M. W. 1974. Understanding Your Cat. N. Y. : Coward McCann (London). Fox, M. W. 1975. The behaviour of cats. In: The Behaviour of Domestic Animals.Ed. E. S. E. Hafez. Bailliere Tindall. Hart, B. L. 1980a. Feline behaviour: A practitioner monograph. Vet. Practice Publishing Co. , California. Liberg, O. 1981. Predation and social behaviour in a population of domestic cats: an evolutionary perspective. Ph. D thesis, University of Lund, Sweden. Macdonald, P. W. , Apps, P. J. , Carr, G. M. and Kerby, C. , 1987. Social dynamics, nursing coalitions and infanticide among farm cats, Felis catus Advances in Ethology 24, 1–66Thorne, 1992